Stephen William Hawking was born on 8th January 1942 in Oxford, England, to Frank andIsobel Hawking. He is a British theoretical physicist,cosmologist, author and Director of
Research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology within the University of Cambridge. He
marriedJane Wilde, a friend of his sister. His scientific works include a collaboration with
Roger Penrose on gravitational singularity theorems in the framework of general relativity,
and the theoretical prediction that black holes emit radiation, often called Hawking radiation.
Hawking was the first to set forth a theory of cosmology explained by a union of the general
theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. He is a vigorous supporter of the many-worlds
interpretation of quantum mechanics.
He is an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a lifetime member of the Pontifical
Academy of Sciences, and a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest
civilian award in the United States. Hawking was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at
the University of Cambridge between 1979 and 2009 and has achieved commercial success
with works of popular science in which he discusses his own theories and cosmology in
general; his book A Brief History of Time stayed on the British Sunday Times best-seller list
for a record-breaking 237 weeks. About a few months before he said “Artificial
intelligence in robots and cyborgs will led to the extinction of man”.
Hawking suffers from a rare early-onset slow-progressing form of amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease or Lou Gehrig's disease, that has
gradually paralysed him over the decades.
For his communication, Hawking initially raised his eyebrows to choose letters on a spelling
card. But he then received a computer program called the "Equalizer" from Walt Woltosz. In
a method he uses to this day, using a switch he selects phrases, words or letters from a
bank of about 2,500–3,000 that are scanned. The program was originally run on a desktop
computer. However, his friend, David, a computer engineer, adapted a small computer and
attached it to his wheelchair. Released from the need to use somebody to interpret his
speech, Hawking commented that "I can communicate better now than before I lost my
voice." Hawking gradually lost the use of his hand, and in 2005 he began to control his
communication device with movements of his cheek muscles, with a rate of about one word
per minute. With this decline there is a risk of him developing locked-in syndrome, so
Hawking is collaborating with researchers on systems that could translate Hawking's brain
patterns or facial expressions into switch activations. By 2009 he could no longer drive his
wheelchair independently. After that he has been hospitalised several times.
Education
Primary and secondary
Hawking began his schooling at the Byron House School; he later blamed its "progressive
methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school. In St Albans, the eight-year-old
Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. He attended Radlett
School for a year and from September 1952, St Albans School.
methods" for his failure to learn to read while at the school. In St Albans, the eight-year-old
Hawking attended St Albans High School for Girls for a few months. He attended Radlett
School for a year and from September 1952, St Albans School.
Undergraduation & Graduation
Hawking began his university education at the University College, Oxford in October 1959 at
the age of 17.For the first 18 months, he was bored and lonely: he was younger than many
other students, and found the academic work "ridiculously easy".His physics tutor, Robert
Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done,
and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it."A change occurred during
his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more effort "to be one
of the boys". He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in
classical music and science fiction.
he slept poorly the night before the examinations, and the final result was on the borderline
between first- and second-class honours, making an oral examination necessary. Hawking
was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student, so when asked at the oral
to describe his future plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. If I
receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First."He was held in
higher regard than he believed: as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent
enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves". After
receiving a first-class BA degree, and following a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his
graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962. He obtained his PhD degree in
cosmology in March 1966, and his essay entitled "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-
Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's prestigious Adams Prize.
the age of 17.For the first 18 months, he was bored and lonely: he was younger than many
other students, and found the academic work "ridiculously easy".His physics tutor, Robert
Berman, later said, "It was only necessary for him to know that something could be done,
and he could do it without looking to see how other people did it."A change occurred during
his second and third year when, according to Berman, Hawking made more effort "to be one
of the boys". He developed into a popular, lively and witty college member, interested in
classical music and science fiction.
he slept poorly the night before the examinations, and the final result was on the borderline
between first- and second-class honours, making an oral examination necessary. Hawking
was concerned that he was viewed as a lazy and difficult student, so when asked at the oral
to describe his future plans, he said, "If you award me a First, I will go to Cambridge. If I
receive a Second, I shall stay in Oxford, so I expect you will give me a First."He was held in
higher regard than he believed: as Berman commented, the examiners "were intelligent
enough to realise they were talking to someone far cleverer than most of themselves". After
receiving a first-class BA degree, and following a trip to Iran with a friend, he began his
graduate work at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, in October 1962. He obtained his PhD degree in
cosmology in March 1966, and his essay entitled "Singularities and the Geometry of Space-
Time" shared top honours with one by Penrose to win that year's prestigious Adams Prize.
His views are totally differ from most of other scientists
Future of humanity
In 2006 Hawking posed an open question on the Internet: "In a world that is in chaos
politically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another 100
years?", later clarifying: "I don’t know the answer. That is why I asked the question, to get
people to think about it, and to be aware of the dangers we now face."
Hawking has stated that, given the vastness of the universe, aliens likely exist, but that
contact with them should be avoided. Hawking has argued superintelligent artificial
intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity's fate, stating that "the potential benefits
are huge... Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. It might also
be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks."
Hawking has argued that computer viruses should be considered a new form of life, and haspolitically, socially and environmentally, how can the human race sustain another 100
years?", later clarifying: "I don’t know the answer. That is why I asked the question, to get
people to think about it, and to be aware of the dangers we now face."
Hawking has stated that, given the vastness of the universe, aliens likely exist, but that
contact with them should be avoided. Hawking has argued superintelligent artificial
intelligence could be pivotal in steering humanity's fate, stating that "the potential benefits
are huge... Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. It might also
be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks."
stated that "maybe it says something about human nature, that the only form of life we have
created so far is purely destructive. Talk about creating life in our own image."
Religion
Hawking has stated that he is "not religious in the normal sense" and he believes that "the
universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but
God does not intervene to break the laws".In an interview published in The Guardian,
Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth, believing that there is "no heaven or
afterlife" and that such a notion was a "fairy story for people afraid of the dark".
universe is governed by the laws of science. The laws may have been decreed by God, but
God does not intervene to break the laws".In an interview published in The Guardian,
Hawking regarded the concept of Heaven as a myth, believing that there is "no heaven or
afterlife" and that such a notion was a "fairy story for people afraid of the dark".
Politics
In March 1968, Hawking marched alongside Tariq Ali and Vanessa Redgrave to protest
against the Vietnam War. He is a longstanding Labour Party supporter. He recorded a
tribute for the 2000 Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore,[called the 2003 invasion of
Iraq a "war crime", boycotted a conference in Israel because of concerns about Israel's
policies towards Palestinians, campaigned for nuclear disarmament, and has supported
stem cell research, universal health care, and action to prevent climate change. In August
2014, Hawking was one of 200 signatories to a letter opposing Scottish independence in the
run-up to September's referendum on that issue.
against the Vietnam War. He is a longstanding Labour Party supporter. He recorded a
tribute for the 2000 Democratic presidential candidate Al Gore,[called the 2003 invasion of
Iraq a "war crime", boycotted a conference in Israel because of concerns about Israel's
policies towards Palestinians, campaigned for nuclear disarmament, and has supported
stem cell research, universal health care, and action to prevent climate change. In August
2014, Hawking was one of 200 signatories to a letter opposing Scottish independence in the
run-up to September's referendum on that issue.
Awards and honours
He has wrote somany books like :
"The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology".
"Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes".
"Black holes in general relativity".
"Black hole explosions?".
etc.
Besides that Somany Films were released which are showing his life.
• A Brief History of Time(1992) , Masters of Science Fiction(2007) , The Big Bang
Theory(2012), Stephen Hawking: A Brief History of Mine(2013) : are the few among them.
"The Singularities of Gravitational Collapse and Cosmology".
"Gravitational Radiation from Colliding Black Holes".
"Black holes in general relativity".
"Black hole explosions?".
etc.
Besides that Somany Films were released which are showing his life.
• A Brief History of Time(1992) , Masters of Science Fiction(2007) , The Big Bang
Theory(2012), Stephen Hawking: A Brief History of Mine(2013) : are the few among them.
He is one among amazing personals who are living in 21st century.
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